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Ikhithi yoVavanyo lweChloramines lwaManzi eChibi lokudada, Uvavanyo lwaManzi okusela
Ingcaciso yeMveliso
I-EPA ivavanya izibulali-zinambuzane ukuqinisekisa ukuba zikhuselekile kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo xa zisetyenziswa ngokwemiyalelo yeleyibhile. I-EPA inoxanduva lokukhupha imithetho emisela, eguqula, enqumamisa, okanye erhoxisa ukunyamezelana, okuyimida kwinani lentsalela yeekhemikhali zezibulali-zinambuzane ekunokutya.
Ngomhla wama-20 kuMatshi 2020, i-glyphosate ID yaphikiswa kwiNkundla yeziBheno yase-US yeSithili seThoba. Abafaki-zicelo baphikise uhlalutyo lwe-EPA malunga nempilo yabantu kunye nomngcipheko wendalo, ukulinganiswa kweengozi ezinjalo ngokuchasene neenzuzo ze-glyphosate kunye namanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko wexeshana, kwaye bathi i-EPA yaphule uMthetho weeNtlobo ezisengozini yokutshabalala (i-ESA). Ngomhla wama-18 kuMeyi 2021, i-EPA yafuna ukugcinwa kwenxalenye yokuzithandela ngaphandle kokungasebenzi kwenxalenye ye-ID yendalo ukuze i-Arhente ikwazi ukuphinda ijonge iinkalo zohlalutyo lwayo ngokujonga uvavanyo lwebhayoloji lwe-EPA lukaNovemba 2020 lwe-glyphosate kunye nezigqibo zenkundla zakutshanje zezinye izibulali-zinambuzane, phakathi kwezinye izizathu.
Ngomhla we-17 kweyeSilimela ngo-2022, iNkundla yeziBheno yase-US yeSithili seThoba yakhupha inxalenye yempilo yomntu ye-glyphosate ID yaza yagqiba kwelokuba isigqibo sokuhlolwa kobhaliso lwe-EPA phantsi kwe-FIFRA 'sisenzo' esabangela izibophelelo ze-ESA. Inkundla ikwamkele isicelo se-EPA sokubanjwa ngokuzithandela, ngaphandle kokushiya, inxalenye ye-ID kodwa yabeka umhla wokugqibela ka-Okthobha 1, 2022 wokuba i-EPA ikhuphe inxalenye entsha ye-ecological. I-EPA ifune uncedo kulo mhla wokugqibela, inkundla eyawukhanyelayo ngomhla wesi-5 kweyeSilimela ngo-2022.
I-EPA igqibe kwelokuba ukurhoxiswa kwe-glyphosate ID kufanelekile xa kujongwa isigqibo se-Ninth Circuit sikaJuni 17, 2022. I-Arhente ayikwazanga ukugqiba inxalenye entsha ye-ecological kwisigqibo sokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwe-glyphosate ngumhla wokugqibela omiselwe yinkundla ngo-Okthobha 1, 2022, ngenxa yexesha elifunekayo ukujongana nemiba apho i-EPA ifune ukubuyiselwa kwenxalenye ye-ecological kwaye yanelise iimfuno ze-ESA. I-EPA iqalise ukubonisana ngokusesikweni kwe-ESA ne-US Fish and Wildlife Service kunye ne-National Marine Fisheries Service (iiNkonzo) ze-glyphosate ngoNovemba 2021, kwaye ukubonisana kuyaqhubeka. Ngaphezu koko, ngaphambi kokukhupha nasiphi na isigqibo, i-EPA kufuneka iqale ilungiselele isigqibo esicetywayo, ipapashe ixesha leentsuku ezingama-60 zokuphawula koluntu, kwaye iqwalasele naziphi na izimvo ezifunyenweyo. I-EPA ayikwazanga ukugqiba ezi nkqubo ngomhla wokugqibela omiselwe yinkundla.
Ngokuhambelana nesigqibo senkundla esiphathelele impilo yabantu, i-Arhente okwangoku ihlaziya uvavanyo lwayo lwamandla omhlaza we-glyphosate ukuze ichaze ngcono iziphumo zayo kwaye ibandakanye ulwazi lwesayensi olufanelekileyo lwangoku. Kwicandelo le-ecological, i-EPA iceba ukujongana nemiba eyayifuna ukuvalelwa kuyo, kuquka: ukuqwalasela ukuba ingaba ukunciphisa umngcipheko okongezelelweyo okanye okwahlukileyo kungafuneka ngokusekelwe kwisiphumo se-ESA yokubonisana nge-glyphosate, ukulungiselela uhlalutyo lweziphumo ze-glyphosate kwindawo yokuhlala ye-monarch butterfly, ukuqwalasela ukuba kukho ezinye iinkalo zohlalutyo lwayo lweengozi ze-ecological kunye neendleko ekufuneka zijongwe kwakhona, kwaye uqwalasele ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko ezinokuba yimfuneko ukunciphisa umngcipheko onokubakho emva kokugqitywa kohlalutyo olushiywe lungafakwanga kwi-ID.
I-EPA ikwaceba ukugqiba ukubonisana ne-ESA neeNkonzo, ichaze isigqibo sayo phantsi komthetho Inkqubo yoHlolo lwe-Endocrine Disruptor, kwaye uphendule kwisicelo solawulo malunga ne-glyphosate ngaphambi kokuba ukhuphe isigqibo sokugqibela sokuhlolwa kobhaliso. I-EPA okwangoku isebenza ukugqiba uhlalutyo olungentla njengoko siqhubeka nokuhlolwa kokubhaliswa kwe-glyphosate. Nangona i-ID ye-glyphosate irhoxisiwe, oko akuthethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba iziphumo zesayensi zangoku ze-EPA malunga ne-glyphosate, kubandakanya nokufumanisa kwayo ixesha elide ukuba i-glyphosate ayinakuba ngumhlaza ebantwini, ayichanekanga okanye ayinakusetyenziswa njengenkxaso yesigqibo sexesha elizayo.
Ikhithi yethu yovavanyo lweGlyphosate iyakwazi ukubona ubuthathaka be-200ppb emanzini okusela kunye novavanyo lobisi.